Introducing Birthing Shifrah's New Contributing Authors!

To contact us Click HERE
I take great pleasure in announcing that two new writers will be joining me here at Birthing Shifrah!  


Hallie Palladino, M.A., is a writer, teacher and mother. She will be covering issues related to parenting with a particular interest in natural parenting, attachment parenting and breastfeeding issues. She and her husband are raising their one year old son, Rocco, on the north side of Chicago. 


Heather Baker, P.T., is a physical therapist at the Galter Life Center at Swedish Covenant Hospital in Chicago. She earned her doctorate from Northwestern University. Heather specializes in working with women during and after pregnancy with a special focus on pelvic pain and recovery from birth trauma. She will be covering issues related to the body during the perinatal period. When not working as a physical therapist at Swedish Covenant Hospital, she loves to be active and regularly competes in triathlons and even completed her first half Ironman last summer. She currently lives with her husband on the north side of Chicago. 

It's Been Awhile...

To contact us Click HERE
It's been a while since I've sat down to write. The summer was a whirlwind. We bought a house, found out we were pregnant, packed and moved. All while I was in summer school and nauseous everyday. Well, baby #2 is coming at the end of February and our lives are (finally) starting to fall into a routine, which means I have no excuse for not writing. In the meantime check out these new and exciting ways to keep in touch with me...

I launched my new website! Yay! You can now find me & my postpartum doula services at: www.emilyarobb.com
I'm teaching childbirth and parenting classes at Dharma Yoga Evanston: http://dharmayogaevanston.com

MOTHER'S CANCER CAN PASS TO FETUS

To contact us Click HERE
A Mother Sends Cancer To Her Baby During Pregnancy
England - A mother of 28 years, died of leukemia, a cancer cell transmitted to her daughter, while it was still in her uterus.

This event is rare and researchers proves that cancer can be passed from mother to child. Seventeen cases were identified earlier when the mother and baby share the same cancer often leukemia or melanoma. However, scientists now have evidence of genetic transmission of cancer.

Normally, the immune system of a baby recognizes and destroys any cancer cell from the mother. But this time, the leukemic cells have avoided the baby's natural defenses.

The scientists began their research in 2006 when a Japanese father brought his baby to 11 months in the hospital in Tokyo. He then explained that the mother had died three months ago. Samples taken from the infant compared to those of the mother showed that they contained the same cancer cells. These cases are still extremely rare according to scientists.

AVAIN FLU: IT's TOO COLD IN THE HUMAN NOSE THAT H5N1 CAN SPREAD

To contact us Click HERE
Avian flu: It's too cold in the human nose that H5N1 can spread
While all the media attention at the moment is focused towards the H1N1 influenza A (also known as swine flu), researchers continue to try to understand how the H5N1 avian influenza. In an article published in the journal free online access PLoS Pathogens (reference below), an Anglo-American study reveals that a likely reason why the H5N1 avian influenza infects human with difficulty is the relatively low temperature (32 ° C) environment of the proximal human airway. It is possible that the epidemic of avian influenza (H5N1) in Southeast Asia was in 2007, which inter-species transmission has remained sporadic, never ever be transformed into a human pandemic because the mutations that might have made virus infection in humans have not occurred.

Temperature difference between distal and proximal human airway
Because previous studies showing that the H5N1 virus infecting the more distal (bronchi) that the proximal side (nose, throat) of the human airway, scientists from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (U.S.) and Imperial College London (United Kingdom) have hypothesized that the temperature difference between the two areas have been crucial to prevent zoonosis (transmission of animal disease to humans and vice versa). To provide some answers to their hypothesis, the U.S. and British researchers have used an in vitro model of human ciliated cells from the airways, they were seeded at temperatures of 37 ° C or 32 ° C ( to mimic the existing conditions of distal or proximal). In the first case, the two types of human and avian viruses infecting cell cultures efficiently, while at 32 ° C, only the human virus demonstrated efficiency of infection of cells in culture. These results are consistent with the fact that the infection in birds takes place in the intestine, and then at 40 ° C.

The important role of glycoproteins in the adjustment to room temperature
It is furthermore known that the influenza virus present at position 627 in the PB2 polymerase (element responsible for the replication of influenza virus genome in the host cell), an amino acid plays a crucial role in Adaptation of virus to the environmental temperature within the same host. The replacement of this residue of the human virus by that of avian virus but did not explain the difference between the infectious properties of both viruses at different temperatures. The researchers then used two types of human viruses, the H3N2 and H1N1, and replaced some of their surface proteins (glycoproteins, see box) by surface proteins of influenza virus. The human viruses as amended showed reduced ability to infect human cells ciliated cells cultured at 32 ° C, suggesting an important role of these glycoproteins in the adjustment to room temperature, and therefore a crucial role in limited transmission of H5N1 influenza viruses in humans and in the inter-human contagion.

The study, funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC Council for Medical Research) in the United Kingdom and by the NIH in the United States is important because in the words of Professor Wendy Barclay, Imperial College London,

"It is impossible to develop vaccines against the 16 subtypes of avian viruses [...]. By studying a range of viruses, we can nevertheless determine what changes come to significantly increase the risk of zoonoses and contagion in the human species. "

The Influenza Virus
The influenza virus belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae, enveloped viruses with single-stranded RNA and having a spherical shape 80 to 100 nm in diameter. There are three types of influenza viruses named A, B and C. Their surface is studded with surface proteins or glycoproteins, also known as surface antigens. Viruses A and B have two types, the hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). The hemagglutinin is responsible for virus attachment on a sialic acid residue on the surface of cells of the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract, and the fusion of viral and cellular membranes during the penetration phase virus. Neuraminidase, in turn, allows the release into the host cell virions pre-formed, and the posting of the hemagglutinin (and therefore the virus particle) of the cell membrane of the host.

Reference:
Article: Avian Influenza Virus Glycoproteins Restrict Virus Replication and Spread Through Human Airway Epithelium at Temperatures of the Proximal Airways
Authors: Margaret A. Scull, Laura Gillim-Ross, Celia Santos, Kim L. Roberts, Elena Bordonali, Kanta Subbarao, Wendy S. Barclay, Raymond J. Pickles
Published Journal: PLoS Pathogens
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000424

--
Source: BE UK number 97
http://www.bulletins-electroniques.com/actualites/59855.htm

The Do's and Dont's of Pregnancy

To contact us Click HERE

With so many people giving their opinion on what to do and what not to do during pregnancy, it becomes hard to determine what is fact and what is fiction. Below is a list of some of the more important factors to consider in regards to pregnancy do's and dont's.

Food during pregnancy

Pregnancy

Certain foods need to be avoided during pregnancy. Listeria, which is caused by uncooked meats, some seafood, unpasterized milk and soft cheeses, can cause birth defects, miscarriages and stillbirth.

The Do's and Dont's of Pregnancy

Cat litter

Toxoplasmosis, is a disease which is contracted by contact with cat feces. It is spread by a parasite which can lead to miscarriages, stillbirth and birth defects.

Smoking

Smoking during pregnancy is definitely a no no. It has been linked to a low birth weight, miscarriage and premature birth in many different studies. Second hand smoke poses the same dangers during pregnancy, and should be avoided at all costs.

Caffeine

Some studies on caffeine during pregnancy have led to the conclusion that the two do not mix well together, as caffeine may increase the possibility of miscarriage and low birth weight. On the other hand, other studies have shown no link between the two. Obviously an excessive amount of caffeine is a bad idea regardless of pregnancy. An excessive amount of caffeine is generally regarded as over 300 milligrams per day. If you stay well clear of this figure, caffeine during pregnancy is less likely to cause problems.

Safety around the house

There are many hazards around the house for pregnant women, but almost all can be easily avoided. If you still insist on doing all the house work yourself, try to stay clear of aerosol cans, industrial strength cleaners and fumes from paint, solvents and strippers. All of the above have been linked to birth defects and other pregnancy complications. It also pays to take it a little easier around certain parts of the house such as stair cases.

Body temperature

Keeping a moderate body temperature during pregnancy (especially during first trimester) is important as it may lead to birth defects. It is a good idea to keep an eye on your temperature during exercise and keep your fluids up. Things such as saunas and hot baths are not recommended during pregnancy.

Alcohol and drugs

To be safe with alcohol during pregnancy it is probably best to avoid it altogether, as there is no safe level of consumption. It can have detrimental affects on an unborn child. In comparison to a fully grown woman, a baby is very small, so you could imagine the potential damage to the baby if the mother was drunk or even tipsy. Drugs during pregnancy have been shown to have a negative effect. Drugs such as cocaine have been shown to hinder the development of a baby's vital oxygen and nourishment, leading to complications such as birth defects and even an addiction in the child itself.

Exercise

Exercise during pregnancy is recommended for most women, but only at a moderate pace. Women who participated in high impact exercise, weight lifting, contact sports, high altitude training or scuba diving before pregnancy, will have to readjust their routines. Walking is highly recommended for at least the first two trimesters, as it can help your body withstand the rigors of labor and delivery more easily.

The do's and don'ts of pregnancy are different for each woman and each pregnancy. The above information is not a medical opinion and should not substitute a professional medical opinion. Always consult your doctor or care provider before making any major decisions before, during and even after pregnancy.

The Do's and Dont's of Pregnancy

Article written by Sarah Mitchell of NamesToBe.com. Over 10,000 baby names and meanings. Read this article and hundreds more: Baby articles database or The do's and dont's of pregnancy.
Article free for reprint as long as this author bio is present and all hyperlinks remain active.

It's Been Awhile...

To contact us Click HERE
It's been a while since I've sat down to write. The summer was a whirlwind. We bought a house, found out we were pregnant, packed and moved. All while I was in summer school and nauseous everyday. Well, baby #2 is coming at the end of February and our lives are (finally) starting to fall into a routine, which means I have no excuse for not writing. In the meantime check out these new and exciting ways to keep in touch with me...

I launched my new website! Yay! You can now find me & my postpartum doula services at: www.emilyarobb.com
I'm teaching childbirth and parenting classes at Dharma Yoga Evanston: http://dharmayogaevanston.com

How to Lose Weight After Pregnancy While Breastfeeding?

To contact us Click HERE

(Getty Images)

Becoming a new mom is one of the greatest things in a woman’s life. But pregnancy also can bring more pounds of weight - therefore it’s reasonable if losing weight after pregnancy while breastfeeding is one of the most frequently asked questions after delivery. And did you know that your exciting moment of breastfeeding also can help lose your weight? 
You might also like to read also another common question associated with pregnancy about ‘how to ease back pain during pregnancy’ in here, before continuing!
Some women think that they should eat more when breastfeeding and they believe that it will increase their weight. In general, you need to get plenty of nutrients to give your best quality of milk for your newborn. But this doesn't mean that you need huge calories! The key is still on your balanced diet and don’t forget to have a moderate exercise!
Facts of breastfeeding and weight loss
A study published on the American Journal and Clinical Nutrition (in 2008) found that women who gained weight during pregnancy at reasonable amount and did their breastfeeding exclusively were more likely to lose more pregnancy-weight.
This study involved about 25,000 participants with a wide range of how long & how intensively they breastfeed which each participant gets the score of breastfeeding. Researchers believe that women who did their breastfeeding for the first 6 months after birth will retain 4.4 pounds /2 kg less than women who didn't!
During pregnancy, the body of a pregnant woman automatically layers on extra tissue of fat. This can make you have a lot of fat savings. But there are some reasons of why you experience it during pregnancy. One of these reasons is to support breastfeeding after birth.
Many experts believe that this exciting activity of early motherhood can be a natural burner for excessive weight-pregnancy, because your body will use your excessive fat to produce breast milk. In other words each time you breastfeed your baby, more pounds of your excessive fat that will be burned naturally.
However, there are also other crucial points you should follow to help your gradually weight loss after your pregnancy. Again, the most important thing is don’t forget to get plenty of healthy foods in balanced diet and do your moderate exercise! Both with your exclusively breastfeeding will promote the entire health of your body and help you restore your healthy weight before pregnancy. 
Another issue you should concern is about the timeline of your weight loss. As well we know breastfeeding is the best (healthiest) food for your baby, so don’t do any extreme way in losing your weight. This is not only bad your overall health but also for the health & growth of your baby.
You may lose your weight quickly by skipping your breakfast or with other extreme ways, but these also can affect the quality of your breast milk. Doing your exercise vigorously is also not recommended. It can work successful to burn your calories more quickly, but it may also release some toxins into your breast milk.
The keys on losing weight after pregnancy while breastfeeding
Exclusively breastfeeding, balanced diet, and moderate exercise are the major keys of role in restoring your ideal weight safely – as mentioned before. Below are other pieces of information that you should know!
How far you should go for weight gain during pregnancy?
Did you know that the risk of postpartum weight retention is higher in women who have over weight during pregnancy? 
Well, it’s completely normal to experience weight gain during pregnancy – but if you go too far, your weight after birth is also more likely to go too over than the weight before you pregnant.
About 38% of women in the U.S gain excessively weight (higher than recommended) during pregnancy. So, how far you should go? The answer is dependent on your pre-pregnancy weight. 
If you are an overweight individual and now you have multiple pregnancy; your doctor generally will ask you to close with 11 – 19 kg or 25 – 42 pounds of weight gain. But for the case of single pregnancy, you should go by 5 -9 kg or 11 – 20 pounds of weight gain. And if you have normal weight, your pregnancy weight can be expected higher than the previous calculations – ask your doctor for more advice!
Helpful tips for your safely weight loss plan
The following are some helpful checklists:
(1) Counting calories should not be your top list!
It is undeniable that counting your daily calories is one of the most crucial steps for weight loss. But when it comes to weight loss while breastfeeding, this should not be your first concern.
In fact there is no single formula to answer the exact calorie you should go for healthy mom with breastfeeding. In general, women with breastfeeding require extra calories for about 500 calories higher than others who aren’t! But overall the answer varies from women to women, depending on your exercise (physical activity), the level of your metabolism, the intensity of your breastfeeding, your current weight, etc.
Follow your hunger instead of calculating calories – but remember don’t eat too much, because you might know exactly of how much you should eat. Always focus on a balanced diet!
(2) Exclusively breastfeeding for the first 6 months
The current recommendation for exclusively breastfeeding is about the first six months after birth – according to the World Health Organization. After 6 months, you can continue to breastfeed but then don’t forget to introduce some solid foods for your baby. You may keep continuing your breastfeeding until the first birthday of your baby. 
Nurse your newborn as much as he/she wants. Again, each time you nurse your baby, the longer you continue to naturally burn more pounds of your excessive calories.  
(3) When you should reduce your calorie?
The decreased weight due to breastfeeding also varies from women to women. Some women get back their normal weight for about 1 year after birth while others don’t lose much. Again, the individual factors play key role!
For the best result (either for you or your baby), it is much better to focus on the gradually weight loss. In other words, it is safe to lose weight during breastfeeding but make sure you do it gradually.
Don’t start your weight loss before 2 months of your baby’s age. A decreased calorie diet in the first 1-2 months can diminish the supply of your milk. With the combination of moderate exercise and healthy diet, your doctor usually allows you to lose for about 1 pound a week.
(4) What else you should concern?

1. Keep hydrated! Being dehydration can affect directly to the supply of your milk – so make sure you drink plenty of water (about 7-8 glasses) every day. Furthermore, it also can help you keep far away from overeating. Monitor your urine – if your urine is light yellow /clear then it is good sign that your body is well hydrated.  
2. Choose healthy fats. Trans-fats and saturated fats must be avoided if you seriously want to get back your normal weight! It is much better to choose unsaturated fats such as salmon, olive oil, avocado, seeds, and nuts – and don’t forget to eat them in moderation!
3. Stay on eating healthy foods! The variety of protein, carbohydrates, and healthy fats are excellent for the quality of your breast milk and your gradually weight loss program. Fresh fruits, vegetables, and complex carbohydrates (such as whole grains) are not only best choices to provide a lot of essential nutrients for your breastfeeding but also can give you a longer-lasting energy. 
4. Again, do a moderate exercise! As you exclusively breastfeed your baby - moderate exercise can be effective way to burn your excessively fat gradually!
5. Join to a community that can support your program! There are a lot of weight-loss-after-pregnancy groups on internet. You can share your experience and find a lot of stories from other members in there!

MOTHER'S CANCER CAN PASS TO FETUS

To contact us Click HERE
A Mother Sends Cancer To Her Baby During Pregnancy
England - A mother of 28 years, died of leukemia, a cancer cell transmitted to her daughter, while it was still in her uterus.

This event is rare and researchers proves that cancer can be passed from mother to child. Seventeen cases were identified earlier when the mother and baby share the same cancer often leukemia or melanoma. However, scientists now have evidence of genetic transmission of cancer.

Normally, the immune system of a baby recognizes and destroys any cancer cell from the mother. But this time, the leukemic cells have avoided the baby's natural defenses.

The scientists began their research in 2006 when a Japanese father brought his baby to 11 months in the hospital in Tokyo. He then explained that the mother had died three months ago. Samples taken from the infant compared to those of the mother showed that they contained the same cancer cells. These cases are still extremely rare according to scientists.

AVAIN FLU: IT's TOO COLD IN THE HUMAN NOSE THAT H5N1 CAN SPREAD

To contact us Click HERE
Avian flu: It's too cold in the human nose that H5N1 can spread
While all the media attention at the moment is focused towards the H1N1 influenza A (also known as swine flu), researchers continue to try to understand how the H5N1 avian influenza. In an article published in the journal free online access PLoS Pathogens (reference below), an Anglo-American study reveals that a likely reason why the H5N1 avian influenza infects human with difficulty is the relatively low temperature (32 ° C) environment of the proximal human airway. It is possible that the epidemic of avian influenza (H5N1) in Southeast Asia was in 2007, which inter-species transmission has remained sporadic, never ever be transformed into a human pandemic because the mutations that might have made virus infection in humans have not occurred.

Temperature difference between distal and proximal human airway
Because previous studies showing that the H5N1 virus infecting the more distal (bronchi) that the proximal side (nose, throat) of the human airway, scientists from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (U.S.) and Imperial College London (United Kingdom) have hypothesized that the temperature difference between the two areas have been crucial to prevent zoonosis (transmission of animal disease to humans and vice versa). To provide some answers to their hypothesis, the U.S. and British researchers have used an in vitro model of human ciliated cells from the airways, they were seeded at temperatures of 37 ° C or 32 ° C ( to mimic the existing conditions of distal or proximal). In the first case, the two types of human and avian viruses infecting cell cultures efficiently, while at 32 ° C, only the human virus demonstrated efficiency of infection of cells in culture. These results are consistent with the fact that the infection in birds takes place in the intestine, and then at 40 ° C.

The important role of glycoproteins in the adjustment to room temperature
It is furthermore known that the influenza virus present at position 627 in the PB2 polymerase (element responsible for the replication of influenza virus genome in the host cell), an amino acid plays a crucial role in Adaptation of virus to the environmental temperature within the same host. The replacement of this residue of the human virus by that of avian virus but did not explain the difference between the infectious properties of both viruses at different temperatures. The researchers then used two types of human viruses, the H3N2 and H1N1, and replaced some of their surface proteins (glycoproteins, see box) by surface proteins of influenza virus. The human viruses as amended showed reduced ability to infect human cells ciliated cells cultured at 32 ° C, suggesting an important role of these glycoproteins in the adjustment to room temperature, and therefore a crucial role in limited transmission of H5N1 influenza viruses in humans and in the inter-human contagion.

The study, funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC Council for Medical Research) in the United Kingdom and by the NIH in the United States is important because in the words of Professor Wendy Barclay, Imperial College London,

"It is impossible to develop vaccines against the 16 subtypes of avian viruses [...]. By studying a range of viruses, we can nevertheless determine what changes come to significantly increase the risk of zoonoses and contagion in the human species. "

The Influenza Virus
The influenza virus belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae, enveloped viruses with single-stranded RNA and having a spherical shape 80 to 100 nm in diameter. There are three types of influenza viruses named A, B and C. Their surface is studded with surface proteins or glycoproteins, also known as surface antigens. Viruses A and B have two types, the hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). The hemagglutinin is responsible for virus attachment on a sialic acid residue on the surface of cells of the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract, and the fusion of viral and cellular membranes during the penetration phase virus. Neuraminidase, in turn, allows the release into the host cell virions pre-formed, and the posting of the hemagglutinin (and therefore the virus particle) of the cell membrane of the host.

Reference:
Article: Avian Influenza Virus Glycoproteins Restrict Virus Replication and Spread Through Human Airway Epithelium at Temperatures of the Proximal Airways
Authors: Margaret A. Scull, Laura Gillim-Ross, Celia Santos, Kim L. Roberts, Elena Bordonali, Kanta Subbarao, Wendy S. Barclay, Raymond J. Pickles
Published Journal: PLoS Pathogens
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000424

--
Source: BE UK number 97
http://www.bulletins-electroniques.com/actualites/59855.htm

The Do's and Dont's of Pregnancy

To contact us Click HERE

With so many people giving their opinion on what to do and what not to do during pregnancy, it becomes hard to determine what is fact and what is fiction. Below is a list of some of the more important factors to consider in regards to pregnancy do's and dont's.

Food during pregnancy

Pregnancy

Certain foods need to be avoided during pregnancy. Listeria, which is caused by uncooked meats, some seafood, unpasterized milk and soft cheeses, can cause birth defects, miscarriages and stillbirth.

The Do's and Dont's of Pregnancy

Cat litter

Toxoplasmosis, is a disease which is contracted by contact with cat feces. It is spread by a parasite which can lead to miscarriages, stillbirth and birth defects.

Smoking

Smoking during pregnancy is definitely a no no. It has been linked to a low birth weight, miscarriage and premature birth in many different studies. Second hand smoke poses the same dangers during pregnancy, and should be avoided at all costs.

Caffeine

Some studies on caffeine during pregnancy have led to the conclusion that the two do not mix well together, as caffeine may increase the possibility of miscarriage and low birth weight. On the other hand, other studies have shown no link between the two. Obviously an excessive amount of caffeine is a bad idea regardless of pregnancy. An excessive amount of caffeine is generally regarded as over 300 milligrams per day. If you stay well clear of this figure, caffeine during pregnancy is less likely to cause problems.

Safety around the house

There are many hazards around the house for pregnant women, but almost all can be easily avoided. If you still insist on doing all the house work yourself, try to stay clear of aerosol cans, industrial strength cleaners and fumes from paint, solvents and strippers. All of the above have been linked to birth defects and other pregnancy complications. It also pays to take it a little easier around certain parts of the house such as stair cases.

Body temperature

Keeping a moderate body temperature during pregnancy (especially during first trimester) is important as it may lead to birth defects. It is a good idea to keep an eye on your temperature during exercise and keep your fluids up. Things such as saunas and hot baths are not recommended during pregnancy.

Alcohol and drugs

To be safe with alcohol during pregnancy it is probably best to avoid it altogether, as there is no safe level of consumption. It can have detrimental affects on an unborn child. In comparison to a fully grown woman, a baby is very small, so you could imagine the potential damage to the baby if the mother was drunk or even tipsy. Drugs during pregnancy have been shown to have a negative effect. Drugs such as cocaine have been shown to hinder the development of a baby's vital oxygen and nourishment, leading to complications such as birth defects and even an addiction in the child itself.

Exercise

Exercise during pregnancy is recommended for most women, but only at a moderate pace. Women who participated in high impact exercise, weight lifting, contact sports, high altitude training or scuba diving before pregnancy, will have to readjust their routines. Walking is highly recommended for at least the first two trimesters, as it can help your body withstand the rigors of labor and delivery more easily.

The do's and don'ts of pregnancy are different for each woman and each pregnancy. The above information is not a medical opinion and should not substitute a professional medical opinion. Always consult your doctor or care provider before making any major decisions before, during and even after pregnancy.

The Do's and Dont's of Pregnancy

Article written by Sarah Mitchell of NamesToBe.com. Over 10,000 baby names and meanings. Read this article and hundreds more: Baby articles database or The do's and dont's of pregnancy.
Article free for reprint as long as this author bio is present and all hyperlinks remain active.

AVAIN FLU: IT's TOO COLD IN THE HUMAN NOSE THAT H5N1 CAN SPREAD

To contact us Click HERE
Avian flu: It's too cold in the human nose that H5N1 can spread
While all the media attention at the moment is focused towards the H1N1 influenza A (also known as swine flu), researchers continue to try to understand how the H5N1 avian influenza. In an article published in the journal free online access PLoS Pathogens (reference below), an Anglo-American study reveals that a likely reason why the H5N1 avian influenza infects human with difficulty is the relatively low temperature (32 ° C) environment of the proximal human airway. It is possible that the epidemic of avian influenza (H5N1) in Southeast Asia was in 2007, which inter-species transmission has remained sporadic, never ever be transformed into a human pandemic because the mutations that might have made virus infection in humans have not occurred.

Temperature difference between distal and proximal human airway
Because previous studies showing that the H5N1 virus infecting the more distal (bronchi) that the proximal side (nose, throat) of the human airway, scientists from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (U.S.) and Imperial College London (United Kingdom) have hypothesized that the temperature difference between the two areas have been crucial to prevent zoonosis (transmission of animal disease to humans and vice versa). To provide some answers to their hypothesis, the U.S. and British researchers have used an in vitro model of human ciliated cells from the airways, they were seeded at temperatures of 37 ° C or 32 ° C ( to mimic the existing conditions of distal or proximal). In the first case, the two types of human and avian viruses infecting cell cultures efficiently, while at 32 ° C, only the human virus demonstrated efficiency of infection of cells in culture. These results are consistent with the fact that the infection in birds takes place in the intestine, and then at 40 ° C.

The important role of glycoproteins in the adjustment to room temperature
It is furthermore known that the influenza virus present at position 627 in the PB2 polymerase (element responsible for the replication of influenza virus genome in the host cell), an amino acid plays a crucial role in Adaptation of virus to the environmental temperature within the same host. The replacement of this residue of the human virus by that of avian virus but did not explain the difference between the infectious properties of both viruses at different temperatures. The researchers then used two types of human viruses, the H3N2 and H1N1, and replaced some of their surface proteins (glycoproteins, see box) by surface proteins of influenza virus. The human viruses as amended showed reduced ability to infect human cells ciliated cells cultured at 32 ° C, suggesting an important role of these glycoproteins in the adjustment to room temperature, and therefore a crucial role in limited transmission of H5N1 influenza viruses in humans and in the inter-human contagion.

The study, funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC Council for Medical Research) in the United Kingdom and by the NIH in the United States is important because in the words of Professor Wendy Barclay, Imperial College London,

"It is impossible to develop vaccines against the 16 subtypes of avian viruses [...]. By studying a range of viruses, we can nevertheless determine what changes come to significantly increase the risk of zoonoses and contagion in the human species. "

The Influenza Virus
The influenza virus belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae, enveloped viruses with single-stranded RNA and having a spherical shape 80 to 100 nm in diameter. There are three types of influenza viruses named A, B and C. Their surface is studded with surface proteins or glycoproteins, also known as surface antigens. Viruses A and B have two types, the hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). The hemagglutinin is responsible for virus attachment on a sialic acid residue on the surface of cells of the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract, and the fusion of viral and cellular membranes during the penetration phase virus. Neuraminidase, in turn, allows the release into the host cell virions pre-formed, and the posting of the hemagglutinin (and therefore the virus particle) of the cell membrane of the host.

Reference:
Article: Avian Influenza Virus Glycoproteins Restrict Virus Replication and Spread Through Human Airway Epithelium at Temperatures of the Proximal Airways
Authors: Margaret A. Scull, Laura Gillim-Ross, Celia Santos, Kim L. Roberts, Elena Bordonali, Kanta Subbarao, Wendy S. Barclay, Raymond J. Pickles
Published Journal: PLoS Pathogens
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000424

--
Source: BE UK number 97
http://www.bulletins-electroniques.com/actualites/59855.htm

The Do's and Dont's of Pregnancy

To contact us Click HERE

With so many people giving their opinion on what to do and what not to do during pregnancy, it becomes hard to determine what is fact and what is fiction. Below is a list of some of the more important factors to consider in regards to pregnancy do's and dont's.

Food during pregnancy

Pregnancy

Certain foods need to be avoided during pregnancy. Listeria, which is caused by uncooked meats, some seafood, unpasterized milk and soft cheeses, can cause birth defects, miscarriages and stillbirth.

The Do's and Dont's of Pregnancy

Cat litter

Toxoplasmosis, is a disease which is contracted by contact with cat feces. It is spread by a parasite which can lead to miscarriages, stillbirth and birth defects.

Smoking

Smoking during pregnancy is definitely a no no. It has been linked to a low birth weight, miscarriage and premature birth in many different studies. Second hand smoke poses the same dangers during pregnancy, and should be avoided at all costs.

Caffeine

Some studies on caffeine during pregnancy have led to the conclusion that the two do not mix well together, as caffeine may increase the possibility of miscarriage and low birth weight. On the other hand, other studies have shown no link between the two. Obviously an excessive amount of caffeine is a bad idea regardless of pregnancy. An excessive amount of caffeine is generally regarded as over 300 milligrams per day. If you stay well clear of this figure, caffeine during pregnancy is less likely to cause problems.

Safety around the house

There are many hazards around the house for pregnant women, but almost all can be easily avoided. If you still insist on doing all the house work yourself, try to stay clear of aerosol cans, industrial strength cleaners and fumes from paint, solvents and strippers. All of the above have been linked to birth defects and other pregnancy complications. It also pays to take it a little easier around certain parts of the house such as stair cases.

Body temperature

Keeping a moderate body temperature during pregnancy (especially during first trimester) is important as it may lead to birth defects. It is a good idea to keep an eye on your temperature during exercise and keep your fluids up. Things such as saunas and hot baths are not recommended during pregnancy.

Alcohol and drugs

To be safe with alcohol during pregnancy it is probably best to avoid it altogether, as there is no safe level of consumption. It can have detrimental affects on an unborn child. In comparison to a fully grown woman, a baby is very small, so you could imagine the potential damage to the baby if the mother was drunk or even tipsy. Drugs during pregnancy have been shown to have a negative effect. Drugs such as cocaine have been shown to hinder the development of a baby's vital oxygen and nourishment, leading to complications such as birth defects and even an addiction in the child itself.

Exercise

Exercise during pregnancy is recommended for most women, but only at a moderate pace. Women who participated in high impact exercise, weight lifting, contact sports, high altitude training or scuba diving before pregnancy, will have to readjust their routines. Walking is highly recommended for at least the first two trimesters, as it can help your body withstand the rigors of labor and delivery more easily.

The do's and don'ts of pregnancy are different for each woman and each pregnancy. The above information is not a medical opinion and should not substitute a professional medical opinion. Always consult your doctor or care provider before making any major decisions before, during and even after pregnancy.

The Do's and Dont's of Pregnancy

Article written by Sarah Mitchell of NamesToBe.com. Over 10,000 baby names and meanings. Read this article and hundreds more: Baby articles database or The do's and dont's of pregnancy.
Article free for reprint as long as this author bio is present and all hyperlinks remain active.

Why "you're okay" is not okay

To contact us Click HERE
On the playground and around town I've heard a lot of parents using the same phrase when their little one takes a spill. Dusting them off, they say, "You're okay," and usually pat them on the back and send them on their way, back to whatever they were doing. I understand what these well-meaning parents are trying to do: let their child know that this spill is not the end of the world and that they will be fine. However this small statement is a lot more complicated than that. Telling a crying child that they're "okay" invalidates their actual emotions in that moment and sends a confusing message. The internal emotional response may be something like this: "if I fell and felt scared and now I'm crying, why is my parent telling me that I'm okay?".  We would never tell an adult who fell on the sidewalk that they're okay and should just get up and keep going, we check in to make sure they're not physically hurt and then we offer support  or help. The same response is appropriate for children.

When a child takes an unexpected spill they usually look to their parent to gauge the appropriate reaction. I believe many parents have adopted this casual response with the thought that if they make a big deal the child is going to cry harder, while downplaying it will make them bounce back faster. Unfortunately, instead of creating resilience this approach can create emotional confusion and a lack of trust in the care provider and the child's own emotional response.

"I'm NOT okay!" 

So what can we do to create resilient kids who can bounce back from a spill? There's a very simple response that includes a description of what happened, an empathic statement to validate their feeling, and a brief comfort measure. Using these three steps are simpler than you might think and will help your child feel understood and secure and ready to continue playing. And since the tears are usually from the surprise of the fall, rather than the fall itself, validating their reaction goes a long way to soothing the tears.

For example: Baby Jessica is toddling around the playground when a bigger kid runs by, disrupting her concentration and balance. She falls onto her tush. The surprise of the quick movement brings her to tears. Her mother comes over and simply states, "Oh, you fell down when that big kid ran by. I can see that made you feel upset. Let me help you back up so I can give you a hug" (or an even simpler. "Aw, you went bonk. Did that surprise you? Let me help you up"). Hug ensues, tears stop and baby Jessica is back on her way.

For a bigger kid the response varies a bit but follows the same pattern. For example: Tommy is running through the indoor play area and slips on a wet spot. He tumbles and starts to cry from the impact. Dad  comes over and says, "Hey buddy, I see you slipped in the wet spot. That must have felt a little scary to come crashing down so fast. Can I help you up?". After a little sniffle and a kiss from dad, Tommy is back on his way. He was able to see that his dad understood that he got a little scared, and his dad showed his that it is okay to feel that way but it doesn't have to stop the fun.

This approach also teaches children how to respond to others who are hurt or upset. If we as parents and caregivers are constantly telling our children the equivalent to "suck it up", then that is how they will respond to others. If, however we respond to them with kindness, respect, and empathy they in turn will respond that way to .




Photo credit: istockphoto.com

Introducing Birthing Shifrah's New Contributing Authors!

To contact us Click HERE
I take great pleasure in announcing that two new writers will be joining me here at Birthing Shifrah!  


Hallie Palladino, M.A., is a writer, teacher and mother. She will be covering issues related to parenting with a particular interest in natural parenting, attachment parenting and breastfeeding issues. She and her husband are raising their one year old son, Rocco, on the north side of Chicago. 


Heather Baker, P.T., is a physical therapist at the Galter Life Center at Swedish Covenant Hospital in Chicago. She earned her doctorate from Northwestern University. Heather specializes in working with women during and after pregnancy with a special focus on pelvic pain and recovery from birth trauma. She will be covering issues related to the body during the perinatal period. When not working as a physical therapist at Swedish Covenant Hospital, she loves to be active and regularly competes in triathlons and even completed her first half Ironman last summer. She currently lives with her husband on the north side of Chicago. 

It's Been Awhile...

To contact us Click HERE
It's been a while since I've sat down to write. The summer was a whirlwind. We bought a house, found out we were pregnant, packed and moved. All while I was in summer school and nauseous everyday. Well, baby #2 is coming at the end of February and our lives are (finally) starting to fall into a routine, which means I have no excuse for not writing. In the meantime check out these new and exciting ways to keep in touch with me...

I launched my new website! Yay! You can now find me & my postpartum doula services at: www.emilyarobb.com
I'm teaching childbirth and parenting classes at Dharma Yoga Evanston: http://dharmayogaevanston.com

AVAIN FLU: IT's TOO COLD IN THE HUMAN NOSE THAT H5N1 CAN SPREAD

To contact us Click HERE
Avian flu: It's too cold in the human nose that H5N1 can spread
While all the media attention at the moment is focused towards the H1N1 influenza A (also known as swine flu), researchers continue to try to understand how the H5N1 avian influenza. In an article published in the journal free online access PLoS Pathogens (reference below), an Anglo-American study reveals that a likely reason why the H5N1 avian influenza infects human with difficulty is the relatively low temperature (32 ° C) environment of the proximal human airway. It is possible that the epidemic of avian influenza (H5N1) in Southeast Asia was in 2007, which inter-species transmission has remained sporadic, never ever be transformed into a human pandemic because the mutations that might have made virus infection in humans have not occurred.

Temperature difference between distal and proximal human airway
Because previous studies showing that the H5N1 virus infecting the more distal (bronchi) that the proximal side (nose, throat) of the human airway, scientists from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (U.S.) and Imperial College London (United Kingdom) have hypothesized that the temperature difference between the two areas have been crucial to prevent zoonosis (transmission of animal disease to humans and vice versa). To provide some answers to their hypothesis, the U.S. and British researchers have used an in vitro model of human ciliated cells from the airways, they were seeded at temperatures of 37 ° C or 32 ° C ( to mimic the existing conditions of distal or proximal). In the first case, the two types of human and avian viruses infecting cell cultures efficiently, while at 32 ° C, only the human virus demonstrated efficiency of infection of cells in culture. These results are consistent with the fact that the infection in birds takes place in the intestine, and then at 40 ° C.

The important role of glycoproteins in the adjustment to room temperature
It is furthermore known that the influenza virus present at position 627 in the PB2 polymerase (element responsible for the replication of influenza virus genome in the host cell), an amino acid plays a crucial role in Adaptation of virus to the environmental temperature within the same host. The replacement of this residue of the human virus by that of avian virus but did not explain the difference between the infectious properties of both viruses at different temperatures. The researchers then used two types of human viruses, the H3N2 and H1N1, and replaced some of their surface proteins (glycoproteins, see box) by surface proteins of influenza virus. The human viruses as amended showed reduced ability to infect human cells ciliated cells cultured at 32 ° C, suggesting an important role of these glycoproteins in the adjustment to room temperature, and therefore a crucial role in limited transmission of H5N1 influenza viruses in humans and in the inter-human contagion.

The study, funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC Council for Medical Research) in the United Kingdom and by the NIH in the United States is important because in the words of Professor Wendy Barclay, Imperial College London,

"It is impossible to develop vaccines against the 16 subtypes of avian viruses [...]. By studying a range of viruses, we can nevertheless determine what changes come to significantly increase the risk of zoonoses and contagion in the human species. "

The Influenza Virus
The influenza virus belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae, enveloped viruses with single-stranded RNA and having a spherical shape 80 to 100 nm in diameter. There are three types of influenza viruses named A, B and C. Their surface is studded with surface proteins or glycoproteins, also known as surface antigens. Viruses A and B have two types, the hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). The hemagglutinin is responsible for virus attachment on a sialic acid residue on the surface of cells of the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract, and the fusion of viral and cellular membranes during the penetration phase virus. Neuraminidase, in turn, allows the release into the host cell virions pre-formed, and the posting of the hemagglutinin (and therefore the virus particle) of the cell membrane of the host.

Reference:
Article: Avian Influenza Virus Glycoproteins Restrict Virus Replication and Spread Through Human Airway Epithelium at Temperatures of the Proximal Airways
Authors: Margaret A. Scull, Laura Gillim-Ross, Celia Santos, Kim L. Roberts, Elena Bordonali, Kanta Subbarao, Wendy S. Barclay, Raymond J. Pickles
Published Journal: PLoS Pathogens
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000424

--
Source: BE UK number 97
http://www.bulletins-electroniques.com/actualites/59855.htm

The Do's and Dont's of Pregnancy

To contact us Click HERE

With so many people giving their opinion on what to do and what not to do during pregnancy, it becomes hard to determine what is fact and what is fiction. Below is a list of some of the more important factors to consider in regards to pregnancy do's and dont's.

Food during pregnancy

Pregnancy

Certain foods need to be avoided during pregnancy. Listeria, which is caused by uncooked meats, some seafood, unpasterized milk and soft cheeses, can cause birth defects, miscarriages and stillbirth.

The Do's and Dont's of Pregnancy

Cat litter

Toxoplasmosis, is a disease which is contracted by contact with cat feces. It is spread by a parasite which can lead to miscarriages, stillbirth and birth defects.

Smoking

Smoking during pregnancy is definitely a no no. It has been linked to a low birth weight, miscarriage and premature birth in many different studies. Second hand smoke poses the same dangers during pregnancy, and should be avoided at all costs.

Caffeine

Some studies on caffeine during pregnancy have led to the conclusion that the two do not mix well together, as caffeine may increase the possibility of miscarriage and low birth weight. On the other hand, other studies have shown no link between the two. Obviously an excessive amount of caffeine is a bad idea regardless of pregnancy. An excessive amount of caffeine is generally regarded as over 300 milligrams per day. If you stay well clear of this figure, caffeine during pregnancy is less likely to cause problems.

Safety around the house

There are many hazards around the house for pregnant women, but almost all can be easily avoided. If you still insist on doing all the house work yourself, try to stay clear of aerosol cans, industrial strength cleaners and fumes from paint, solvents and strippers. All of the above have been linked to birth defects and other pregnancy complications. It also pays to take it a little easier around certain parts of the house such as stair cases.

Body temperature

Keeping a moderate body temperature during pregnancy (especially during first trimester) is important as it may lead to birth defects. It is a good idea to keep an eye on your temperature during exercise and keep your fluids up. Things such as saunas and hot baths are not recommended during pregnancy.

Alcohol and drugs

To be safe with alcohol during pregnancy it is probably best to avoid it altogether, as there is no safe level of consumption. It can have detrimental affects on an unborn child. In comparison to a fully grown woman, a baby is very small, so you could imagine the potential damage to the baby if the mother was drunk or even tipsy. Drugs during pregnancy have been shown to have a negative effect. Drugs such as cocaine have been shown to hinder the development of a baby's vital oxygen and nourishment, leading to complications such as birth defects and even an addiction in the child itself.

Exercise

Exercise during pregnancy is recommended for most women, but only at a moderate pace. Women who participated in high impact exercise, weight lifting, contact sports, high altitude training or scuba diving before pregnancy, will have to readjust their routines. Walking is highly recommended for at least the first two trimesters, as it can help your body withstand the rigors of labor and delivery more easily.

The do's and don'ts of pregnancy are different for each woman and each pregnancy. The above information is not a medical opinion and should not substitute a professional medical opinion. Always consult your doctor or care provider before making any major decisions before, during and even after pregnancy.

The Do's and Dont's of Pregnancy

Article written by Sarah Mitchell of NamesToBe.com. Over 10,000 baby names and meanings. Read this article and hundreds more: Baby articles database or The do's and dont's of pregnancy.
Article free for reprint as long as this author bio is present and all hyperlinks remain active.

Why "you're okay" is not okay

To contact us Click HERE
On the playground and around town I've heard a lot of parents using the same phrase when their little one takes a spill. Dusting them off, they say, "You're okay," and usually pat them on the back and send them on their way, back to whatever they were doing. I understand what these well-meaning parents are trying to do: let their child know that this spill is not the end of the world and that they will be fine. However this small statement is a lot more complicated than that. Telling a crying child that they're "okay" invalidates their actual emotions in that moment and sends a confusing message. The internal emotional response may be something like this: "if I fell and felt scared and now I'm crying, why is my parent telling me that I'm okay?".  We would never tell an adult who fell on the sidewalk that they're okay and should just get up and keep going, we check in to make sure they're not physically hurt and then we offer support  or help. The same response is appropriate for children.

When a child takes an unexpected spill they usually look to their parent to gauge the appropriate reaction. I believe many parents have adopted this casual response with the thought that if they make a big deal the child is going to cry harder, while downplaying it will make them bounce back faster. Unfortunately, instead of creating resilience this approach can create emotional confusion and a lack of trust in the care provider and the child's own emotional response.

"I'm NOT okay!" 

So what can we do to create resilient kids who can bounce back from a spill? There's a very simple response that includes a description of what happened, an empathic statement to validate their feeling, and a brief comfort measure. Using these three steps are simpler than you might think and will help your child feel understood and secure and ready to continue playing. And since the tears are usually from the surprise of the fall, rather than the fall itself, validating their reaction goes a long way to soothing the tears.

For example: Baby Jessica is toddling around the playground when a bigger kid runs by, disrupting her concentration and balance. She falls onto her tush. The surprise of the quick movement brings her to tears. Her mother comes over and simply states, "Oh, you fell down when that big kid ran by. I can see that made you feel upset. Let me help you back up so I can give you a hug" (or an even simpler. "Aw, you went bonk. Did that surprise you? Let me help you up"). Hug ensues, tears stop and baby Jessica is back on her way.

For a bigger kid the response varies a bit but follows the same pattern. For example: Tommy is running through the indoor play area and slips on a wet spot. He tumbles and starts to cry from the impact. Dad  comes over and says, "Hey buddy, I see you slipped in the wet spot. That must have felt a little scary to come crashing down so fast. Can I help you up?". After a little sniffle and a kiss from dad, Tommy is back on his way. He was able to see that his dad understood that he got a little scared, and his dad showed his that it is okay to feel that way but it doesn't have to stop the fun.

This approach also teaches children how to respond to others who are hurt or upset. If we as parents and caregivers are constantly telling our children the equivalent to "suck it up", then that is how they will respond to others. If, however we respond to them with kindness, respect, and empathy they in turn will respond that way to .




Photo credit: istockphoto.com

Introducing Birthing Shifrah's New Contributing Authors!

To contact us Click HERE
I take great pleasure in announcing that two new writers will be joining me here at Birthing Shifrah!  


Hallie Palladino, M.A., is a writer, teacher and mother. She will be covering issues related to parenting with a particular interest in natural parenting, attachment parenting and breastfeeding issues. She and her husband are raising their one year old son, Rocco, on the north side of Chicago. 


Heather Baker, P.T., is a physical therapist at the Galter Life Center at Swedish Covenant Hospital in Chicago. She earned her doctorate from Northwestern University. Heather specializes in working with women during and after pregnancy with a special focus on pelvic pain and recovery from birth trauma. She will be covering issues related to the body during the perinatal period. When not working as a physical therapist at Swedish Covenant Hospital, she loves to be active and regularly competes in triathlons and even completed her first half Ironman last summer. She currently lives with her husband on the north side of Chicago. 

It's Been Awhile...

To contact us Click HERE
It's been a while since I've sat down to write. The summer was a whirlwind. We bought a house, found out we were pregnant, packed and moved. All while I was in summer school and nauseous everyday. Well, baby #2 is coming at the end of February and our lives are (finally) starting to fall into a routine, which means I have no excuse for not writing. In the meantime check out these new and exciting ways to keep in touch with me...

I launched my new website! Yay! You can now find me & my postpartum doula services at: www.emilyarobb.com
I'm teaching childbirth and parenting classes at Dharma Yoga Evanston: http://dharmayogaevanston.com

It's Been Awhile...

To contact us Click HERE
It's been a while since I've sat down to write. The summer was a whirlwind. We bought a house, found out we were pregnant, packed and moved. All while I was in summer school and nauseous everyday. Well, baby #2 is coming at the end of February and our lives are (finally) starting to fall into a routine, which means I have no excuse for not writing. In the meantime check out these new and exciting ways to keep in touch with me...

I launched my new website! Yay! You can now find me & my postpartum doula services at: www.emilyarobb.com
I'm teaching childbirth and parenting classes at Dharma Yoga Evanston: http://dharmayogaevanston.com

MOTHER'S CANCER CAN PASS TO FETUS

To contact us Click HERE
A Mother Sends Cancer To Her Baby During Pregnancy
England - A mother of 28 years, died of leukemia, a cancer cell transmitted to her daughter, while it was still in her uterus.

This event is rare and researchers proves that cancer can be passed from mother to child. Seventeen cases were identified earlier when the mother and baby share the same cancer often leukemia or melanoma. However, scientists now have evidence of genetic transmission of cancer.

Normally, the immune system of a baby recognizes and destroys any cancer cell from the mother. But this time, the leukemic cells have avoided the baby's natural defenses.

The scientists began their research in 2006 when a Japanese father brought his baby to 11 months in the hospital in Tokyo. He then explained that the mother had died three months ago. Samples taken from the infant compared to those of the mother showed that they contained the same cancer cells. These cases are still extremely rare according to scientists.

AVAIN FLU: IT's TOO COLD IN THE HUMAN NOSE THAT H5N1 CAN SPREAD

To contact us Click HERE
Avian flu: It's too cold in the human nose that H5N1 can spread
While all the media attention at the moment is focused towards the H1N1 influenza A (also known as swine flu), researchers continue to try to understand how the H5N1 avian influenza. In an article published in the journal free online access PLoS Pathogens (reference below), an Anglo-American study reveals that a likely reason why the H5N1 avian influenza infects human with difficulty is the relatively low temperature (32 ° C) environment of the proximal human airway. It is possible that the epidemic of avian influenza (H5N1) in Southeast Asia was in 2007, which inter-species transmission has remained sporadic, never ever be transformed into a human pandemic because the mutations that might have made virus infection in humans have not occurred.

Temperature difference between distal and proximal human airway
Because previous studies showing that the H5N1 virus infecting the more distal (bronchi) that the proximal side (nose, throat) of the human airway, scientists from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (U.S.) and Imperial College London (United Kingdom) have hypothesized that the temperature difference between the two areas have been crucial to prevent zoonosis (transmission of animal disease to humans and vice versa). To provide some answers to their hypothesis, the U.S. and British researchers have used an in vitro model of human ciliated cells from the airways, they were seeded at temperatures of 37 ° C or 32 ° C ( to mimic the existing conditions of distal or proximal). In the first case, the two types of human and avian viruses infecting cell cultures efficiently, while at 32 ° C, only the human virus demonstrated efficiency of infection of cells in culture. These results are consistent with the fact that the infection in birds takes place in the intestine, and then at 40 ° C.

The important role of glycoproteins in the adjustment to room temperature
It is furthermore known that the influenza virus present at position 627 in the PB2 polymerase (element responsible for the replication of influenza virus genome in the host cell), an amino acid plays a crucial role in Adaptation of virus to the environmental temperature within the same host. The replacement of this residue of the human virus by that of avian virus but did not explain the difference between the infectious properties of both viruses at different temperatures. The researchers then used two types of human viruses, the H3N2 and H1N1, and replaced some of their surface proteins (glycoproteins, see box) by surface proteins of influenza virus. The human viruses as amended showed reduced ability to infect human cells ciliated cells cultured at 32 ° C, suggesting an important role of these glycoproteins in the adjustment to room temperature, and therefore a crucial role in limited transmission of H5N1 influenza viruses in humans and in the inter-human contagion.

The study, funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC Council for Medical Research) in the United Kingdom and by the NIH in the United States is important because in the words of Professor Wendy Barclay, Imperial College London,

"It is impossible to develop vaccines against the 16 subtypes of avian viruses [...]. By studying a range of viruses, we can nevertheless determine what changes come to significantly increase the risk of zoonoses and contagion in the human species. "

The Influenza Virus
The influenza virus belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae, enveloped viruses with single-stranded RNA and having a spherical shape 80 to 100 nm in diameter. There are three types of influenza viruses named A, B and C. Their surface is studded with surface proteins or glycoproteins, also known as surface antigens. Viruses A and B have two types, the hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). The hemagglutinin is responsible for virus attachment on a sialic acid residue on the surface of cells of the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract, and the fusion of viral and cellular membranes during the penetration phase virus. Neuraminidase, in turn, allows the release into the host cell virions pre-formed, and the posting of the hemagglutinin (and therefore the virus particle) of the cell membrane of the host.

Reference:
Article: Avian Influenza Virus Glycoproteins Restrict Virus Replication and Spread Through Human Airway Epithelium at Temperatures of the Proximal Airways
Authors: Margaret A. Scull, Laura Gillim-Ross, Celia Santos, Kim L. Roberts, Elena Bordonali, Kanta Subbarao, Wendy S. Barclay, Raymond J. Pickles
Published Journal: PLoS Pathogens
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000424

--
Source: BE UK number 97
http://www.bulletins-electroniques.com/actualites/59855.htm